Where did Halloween come from anyway? Here is a brief history of the second most popular holiday in America. Most of the sources I have used for research are secular and some are from witches themselves.
Halloween has its roots in the Celtic new year festival of Samhain in ancient England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. This was considered the beginning of winter. Herds left the pastures for the barns, and tenant farmers renewed their leases.[1] Their pagan priests were called Druids. “Now on or about the first of November the Druids held their great autumn festival and lighted fires in honor of the sun-god in thanksgiving for the harvest.”[2] Druid priests fostered the belief that ghosts and witches were more likely to wander around on this night, more than all other nights during the year. The Celts lit bonfires on hills to frighten spirits away because they believed that “on the eve of this festival, Saman, the lord of death, called together all the wicked souls that within the past twelve months had been condemned to inhabit the bodies of animals.”[3] “During the Samhain festival the souls of those who had died were believed to return to visit their homes, and those who had died during the year were believed to journey to the otherworld.”[4]
The Celts lit bonfires to frighten away evil spirits because they were afraid they would cause harm or death. They also put on “masks and other disguises to avoid being recognized by the ghosts thought to be present. It was in those ways that beings such as witches, hobgoblins, fairies, and demons came to be associated with the day. The period was also thought to be favorable for divination on matters such as marriage, health, and death.”[5]
When the Roman Empire spread out to include Great Britain and Ireland, Roman festivals were added to the Celtic celebration.[6] Under the 400-year Roman rule, the festival of Samhain came to include the Roman festivals of Feralia and Pomona. Feralia was “a day in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead.”[7] Pomona, the Roman goddess of the harvest, fruit, and trees, was honored in another Roman celebration. The symbol for Pomona was the apple and this “probably explains the tradition of ‘bobbing’ for apples that is practiced today on Halloween.”[8]
But the Celts did not stay in darkness. The Gospel came to their land and many Celts abandoned their pagan practices to serve the True and Living God. Some Druid priests also gave up their pagan practices to serve Jesus. Celtic Christians were devoted to the Lord, but those who resisted the Gospel continued these pagan practices of Samhain along with the added Roman celebrations.
Halloween has its roots in the Celtic new year festival of Samhain in ancient England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. This was considered the beginning of winter. Herds left the pastures for the barns, and tenant farmers renewed their leases.[1] Their pagan priests were called Druids. “Now on or about the first of November the Druids held their great autumn festival and lighted fires in honor of the sun-god in thanksgiving for the harvest.”[2] Druid priests fostered the belief that ghosts and witches were more likely to wander around on this night, more than all other nights during the year. The Celts lit bonfires on hills to frighten spirits away because they believed that “on the eve of this festival, Saman, the lord of death, called together all the wicked souls that within the past twelve months had been condemned to inhabit the bodies of animals.”[3] “During the Samhain festival the souls of those who had died were believed to return to visit their homes, and those who had died during the year were believed to journey to the otherworld.”[4]
The Celts lit bonfires to frighten away evil spirits because they were afraid they would cause harm or death. They also put on “masks and other disguises to avoid being recognized by the ghosts thought to be present. It was in those ways that beings such as witches, hobgoblins, fairies, and demons came to be associated with the day. The period was also thought to be favorable for divination on matters such as marriage, health, and death.”[5]
When the Roman Empire spread out to include Great Britain and Ireland, Roman festivals were added to the Celtic celebration.[6] Under the 400-year Roman rule, the festival of Samhain came to include the Roman festivals of Feralia and Pomona. Feralia was “a day in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead.”[7] Pomona, the Roman goddess of the harvest, fruit, and trees, was honored in another Roman celebration. The symbol for Pomona was the apple and this “probably explains the tradition of ‘bobbing’ for apples that is practiced today on Halloween.”[8]
But the Celts did not stay in darkness. The Gospel came to their land and many Celts abandoned their pagan practices to serve the True and Living God. Some Druid priests also gave up their pagan practices to serve Jesus. Celtic Christians were devoted to the Lord, but those who resisted the Gospel continued these pagan practices of Samhain along with the added Roman celebrations.
As time went on, the Roman Catholic Church spread to Great Britain and Ireland, engulfing even unbelievers into the church. The popes wanted to get rid of the evil pagan practices of Samhain.
The church already had a day to honor Christian martyrs established by Pope Boniface in A.D. 609. Pope Gregory III expanded the celebration to include all the saints, not just martyrs. Pope Gregory III moved the date of this holiday from May 13 to November 1 and called it All Saints Day. A second holiday was added on November 2 called All Souls Day.[9] The night before All Saints Day began to be called All-Hallows Eve—later, Halloween.
For many centuries, these celebrations of Samhain continued on in private by small numbers of people who were fascinated by old pagan ideas and rituals.
In America, most people did not participate in Halloween. Halloween was viewed as a pagan holiday and most Americans had a Christian worldview. Any Halloween rituals were practiced in private, often in the dark woods.
Halloween “was not widely observed until the twentieth century. “Initially, it was practiced only by small Irish Catholic settlements, until thousands of Irish migrated to America during the great potato famine and brought their customs with them. To some degree, our modern Halloween is an Irish holiday with early origins in the Celtic winter festival. Interestingly, in American culture, the rise in popularity of Halloween also coincides roughly with the national rise in Spiritism that began in 1848.”[10]
Witches, Satanists, and other pagan religious members celebrated Halloween privately, practicing ancient pagan rites. For people who celebrated Halloween as a casual holiday, people might have parties with costumes, games, and autumn foods.[11] In the 1920s and 1930s, some people began to bring Halloween into the mainstream, to get rid of the pagan rituals and make it a nice, safe holiday for children. Remember that many people still did not celebrate Halloween at all.[12]
It wasn’t until the 1950s that trick-or-treating became popular. Even with a concerted effort to tame the holiday, Halloween was a notorious night for all kinds of pranks from the harmless (toilet papering houses) to the harmful (killing animals or people in satanic rituals). Even so, by the end of the twentieth century, Halloween was booming in popularity. Today it is the second-most popular holiday in the United States and people spend millions of dollars on their celebrations.
The church already had a day to honor Christian martyrs established by Pope Boniface in A.D. 609. Pope Gregory III expanded the celebration to include all the saints, not just martyrs. Pope Gregory III moved the date of this holiday from May 13 to November 1 and called it All Saints Day. A second holiday was added on November 2 called All Souls Day.[9] The night before All Saints Day began to be called All-Hallows Eve—later, Halloween.
For many centuries, these celebrations of Samhain continued on in private by small numbers of people who were fascinated by old pagan ideas and rituals.
In America, most people did not participate in Halloween. Halloween was viewed as a pagan holiday and most Americans had a Christian worldview. Any Halloween rituals were practiced in private, often in the dark woods.
Halloween “was not widely observed until the twentieth century. “Initially, it was practiced only by small Irish Catholic settlements, until thousands of Irish migrated to America during the great potato famine and brought their customs with them. To some degree, our modern Halloween is an Irish holiday with early origins in the Celtic winter festival. Interestingly, in American culture, the rise in popularity of Halloween also coincides roughly with the national rise in Spiritism that began in 1848.”[10]
Witches, Satanists, and other pagan religious members celebrated Halloween privately, practicing ancient pagan rites. For people who celebrated Halloween as a casual holiday, people might have parties with costumes, games, and autumn foods.[11] In the 1920s and 1930s, some people began to bring Halloween into the mainstream, to get rid of the pagan rituals and make it a nice, safe holiday for children. Remember that many people still did not celebrate Halloween at all.[12]
It wasn’t until the 1950s that trick-or-treating became popular. Even with a concerted effort to tame the holiday, Halloween was a notorious night for all kinds of pranks from the harmless (toilet papering houses) to the harmful (killing animals or people in satanic rituals). Even so, by the end of the twentieth century, Halloween was booming in popularity. Today it is the second-most popular holiday in the United States and people spend millions of dollars on their celebrations.
In our town, we have lots of Halloween-related events going on. One of them is Halloween Horror Nights® at Universal Studios. Here is a quote from one of their advertisements: “The legendary Jack the Clown makes his triumphant (and twisted) return to present the biggest and scariest Halloween Horror Nights ever, select nights from September 18th through November 1st. Now in its 25th year at Universal Orlando Resort®, the nation’s premier Halloween event puts you right into some of the pulse-pounding moments in horror history.”[13] This website is full of scary images like a man with a bloody knife sticking out of his head, a werewolf howling, mummies, and other violent and disfigured creatures. Halloween Horror Nights is very popular. “People like to be scared,” I am often told by those who attend the Halloween Horror Nights.
Is fear something to pursue? I don’t know the answer to that one. There are many verses on fear. These Scripture passages show how Jesus delivers us from fear (I John 4:18). What motivates us to delight in the frightening, violent, bloody images? I cannot answer for anyone else, but as a mother, I don’t want my children participating in events that focus on darkness and fear.
We live near a town called Cassadaga that is famous for spiritualism, fortune tellers, and other things popular at Halloween. Here is some information about Halloween events from a website devoted to Halloween: “What better place to spend Halloween than in a haunted town? For over a decade, Cassadaga was closed to the public on Halloween, but now welcomes everyone. All ages are invited to dare to journey beyond the gates of Cassadaga and experience the ‘Haunted Walk.’ The Haunted Walk begins at the entrance of the town with ghoulish escorts guiding you through a paranormal maze of shadow streets, shocking surprises, sinister lanes, ending at the renowned House on Haunted Hill.”[14]
Again, the focus is on fear, but by visiting this town abounding with fortune tellers and other practices forbidden by the Holy Bible, visitors are exposing themselves to spiritual danger. Most people just go for a kick, not realizing that there are demons who empower people who dabble in forbidden practices.
There are still people today who see Halloween as a high holiday, part of their ancient pagan religious practices. Here is description of Halloween from someone who sees it as a special day to celebrate ancient rituals of magic and witchcraft.
“It is one of the two ‘spirit-nights’ each year, the other being Beltane. Originally, the ‘Feast of the Dead’ was celebrated in Celtic countries by leaving food offerings on altars and doorsteps for the ‘wandering dead.’ To witches, Samhain is one of the four High Holidays, or Greater Sabbats. Because it is the most important holiday of the year, it is sometimes called ‘The’ Great Sabbat. Pagans consider Samhain the most magical night of the year. It occurs exactly opposite of Beltane on the Wheel of the Year. It is a night of glowing jack-o-lanterns, tricks or treats, and dressing in costume. A night for telling chilling ghost stories by the fire. And a time for séances, tarot card readings and scrying with mirrors. It is upon this night that the veil which separates our world from the Otherworld is at its thinnest, making it a Night of Power. As Witches, we observe this day as a religious festival. We consider it a memorial day for dead friends and family. It is still a night to practice various forms of divinatory arts such as a scrying and rune casting. One could never hope for a better Tarot reading than on this night! Samhain is considered a time to wrap up old projects, take a good look at one’s stock in life, and consider new projects and endeavors for the coming year.”[15]
Is fear something to pursue? I don’t know the answer to that one. There are many verses on fear. These Scripture passages show how Jesus delivers us from fear (I John 4:18). What motivates us to delight in the frightening, violent, bloody images? I cannot answer for anyone else, but as a mother, I don’t want my children participating in events that focus on darkness and fear.
We live near a town called Cassadaga that is famous for spiritualism, fortune tellers, and other things popular at Halloween. Here is some information about Halloween events from a website devoted to Halloween: “What better place to spend Halloween than in a haunted town? For over a decade, Cassadaga was closed to the public on Halloween, but now welcomes everyone. All ages are invited to dare to journey beyond the gates of Cassadaga and experience the ‘Haunted Walk.’ The Haunted Walk begins at the entrance of the town with ghoulish escorts guiding you through a paranormal maze of shadow streets, shocking surprises, sinister lanes, ending at the renowned House on Haunted Hill.”[14]
Again, the focus is on fear, but by visiting this town abounding with fortune tellers and other practices forbidden by the Holy Bible, visitors are exposing themselves to spiritual danger. Most people just go for a kick, not realizing that there are demons who empower people who dabble in forbidden practices.
There are still people today who see Halloween as a high holiday, part of their ancient pagan religious practices. Here is description of Halloween from someone who sees it as a special day to celebrate ancient rituals of magic and witchcraft.
“It is one of the two ‘spirit-nights’ each year, the other being Beltane. Originally, the ‘Feast of the Dead’ was celebrated in Celtic countries by leaving food offerings on altars and doorsteps for the ‘wandering dead.’ To witches, Samhain is one of the four High Holidays, or Greater Sabbats. Because it is the most important holiday of the year, it is sometimes called ‘The’ Great Sabbat. Pagans consider Samhain the most magical night of the year. It occurs exactly opposite of Beltane on the Wheel of the Year. It is a night of glowing jack-o-lanterns, tricks or treats, and dressing in costume. A night for telling chilling ghost stories by the fire. And a time for séances, tarot card readings and scrying with mirrors. It is upon this night that the veil which separates our world from the Otherworld is at its thinnest, making it a Night of Power. As Witches, we observe this day as a religious festival. We consider it a memorial day for dead friends and family. It is still a night to practice various forms of divinatory arts such as a scrying and rune casting. One could never hope for a better Tarot reading than on this night! Samhain is considered a time to wrap up old projects, take a good look at one’s stock in life, and consider new projects and endeavors for the coming year.”[15]
Here is a description of Halloween from a witch: “For traditional witches, like me, Halloween is celebrated as a festival called Samhain. … Samhain is a Celtic fire festival, which has become one of the main Sabbats celebrated by witches and other pagans. Because it marked the end of the summer and the beginning of winter (the Celts only marked two seasons), it was celebrated as the Celtic New Year, and many witches today still recognize this time of year as such. … With the veil between worlds so thin, now is the time to see or commune with spirits—ghosts, souls of the dead and enchanted beings such as the Fey. Divination is the key activity of witches at this time, as is the dressing of an altar to honor the dead and the ancestors. … The deities associated with Samhain are mainly those connected with death, the Underworld, darkness and rebirth. However, this does not mean that these gods and goddesses are evil or to be feared.”[16] She goes on to describe ways to honor goddesses, make an altar, perform rituals, and honor the dead. She also recommends a book on witchcraft and celebrating Samhain. God’s Word forbids these practices and considers them evil. You see, witchcraft is becoming more and more popular in the United States and all over the world.
“What is the fastest growing religion in the United States? If you said Christianity, you would be way off. In fact, the most recent numbers show that Christianity is in a serious state of decline in America. If you said Islam, you are much closer to a correct answer. Islam is the fastest growing major religion in the United States. But there is a faith that is growing even faster than Islam. It is called Wicca, and it is currently growing at an astounding pace. Wicca emerged as a faith in the middle of 20th century, but the origins of many Wiccan practices actually go back for thousands of years, and some researchers believe that certain aspects of Wicca can actually be traced all the way back to ancient Babylon.”[17]
Witchcraft and other pagan religions are growing rapidly in our nation, especially among young people who are fascinated by the dark practices and the evil power. Does this fascination begin with Halloween? I honestly don’t know, but I do see a fascination with darkness in our culture. There is also a desire to make these things seem acceptable and benign.
Time magazine ran an article on their website in 2013. The reporter joined some witches and other pagans to participate in a ritual on Halloween night. “About 30 witches and other believers from all over New York came to the Samhain ritual, held this year on the Lower East Side, to summon Hades and communicate with dead relatives and ancestors. Elder Witch Starr Ravenhawk invited me when I interviewed her last week, so Halloween night, I put on my witchiest leggings and headed downtown.”[18] The author seems to go out of her way to show that these are just normal young people who happen to be witches. I find that more frightening. These poor young people are involved in dangerous practices that grieve the heart of God. Like all the other articles I read about Halloween, this one confirmed the belief that it is easy to cross over from this world to the world of the dead.
Jesus and his apostles were quite familiar with demons and witchcraft, as it was quite popular in Israel and in all of the Roman Empire. Simon Magus (Acts 8:9), Bar-Jesus (Acts 13:6), and the slave with the spirit of the Python (Acts 16:16) all had miraculous power from demons. Jesus cast out demons and taught about demons (Luke 11:14-28). There were Jewish exorcists who tried to cast out demons in Jesus’ Name (Acts 19:13).
When Paul was preaching in Ephesus, the Lord did many miracles through him, confirming the Gospel with signs and wonders. Many people who were involved in occult practices came to Christ. They came clean about their evil practices and even burned their collection of expensive books on magic so they could make a clean break from the darkness and follow the Light of Christ. (Acts 19: 11-20).
The beast and the false prophet perform deceptive miraculous signs (Revelation 19:20). This evil power does not come from the Lord.
Jesus and His disciples did not participate in witchcraft, magic, and other forms of evil. Instead, they set people free through preaching the Gospel and delivering oppressed people from demons.
“What is the fastest growing religion in the United States? If you said Christianity, you would be way off. In fact, the most recent numbers show that Christianity is in a serious state of decline in America. If you said Islam, you are much closer to a correct answer. Islam is the fastest growing major religion in the United States. But there is a faith that is growing even faster than Islam. It is called Wicca, and it is currently growing at an astounding pace. Wicca emerged as a faith in the middle of 20th century, but the origins of many Wiccan practices actually go back for thousands of years, and some researchers believe that certain aspects of Wicca can actually be traced all the way back to ancient Babylon.”[17]
Witchcraft and other pagan religions are growing rapidly in our nation, especially among young people who are fascinated by the dark practices and the evil power. Does this fascination begin with Halloween? I honestly don’t know, but I do see a fascination with darkness in our culture. There is also a desire to make these things seem acceptable and benign.
Time magazine ran an article on their website in 2013. The reporter joined some witches and other pagans to participate in a ritual on Halloween night. “About 30 witches and other believers from all over New York came to the Samhain ritual, held this year on the Lower East Side, to summon Hades and communicate with dead relatives and ancestors. Elder Witch Starr Ravenhawk invited me when I interviewed her last week, so Halloween night, I put on my witchiest leggings and headed downtown.”[18] The author seems to go out of her way to show that these are just normal young people who happen to be witches. I find that more frightening. These poor young people are involved in dangerous practices that grieve the heart of God. Like all the other articles I read about Halloween, this one confirmed the belief that it is easy to cross over from this world to the world of the dead.
Jesus and his apostles were quite familiar with demons and witchcraft, as it was quite popular in Israel and in all of the Roman Empire. Simon Magus (Acts 8:9), Bar-Jesus (Acts 13:6), and the slave with the spirit of the Python (Acts 16:16) all had miraculous power from demons. Jesus cast out demons and taught about demons (Luke 11:14-28). There were Jewish exorcists who tried to cast out demons in Jesus’ Name (Acts 19:13).
When Paul was preaching in Ephesus, the Lord did many miracles through him, confirming the Gospel with signs and wonders. Many people who were involved in occult practices came to Christ. They came clean about their evil practices and even burned their collection of expensive books on magic so they could make a clean break from the darkness and follow the Light of Christ. (Acts 19: 11-20).
The beast and the false prophet perform deceptive miraculous signs (Revelation 19:20). This evil power does not come from the Lord.
Jesus and His disciples did not participate in witchcraft, magic, and other forms of evil. Instead, they set people free through preaching the Gospel and delivering oppressed people from demons.
I pray that you would consider the history of this holiday and look into the possibility of celebrating something else We celebrate our Christian Heroes by having a Heroes for Jesus Party each year at the end of October or beginning of November.
Do you want to celebrate our Christian Heroes with a Heroes for Jesus Party? It's easy and fun!
Learn all about it in Celebrate Our Christian Heroes where you can discover how our family celebrates Christian heroes, why our family doesn't celebrate Halloween, and why children and teens need super-heroes. In addition, there are monologues for over 40 Christian heroes with costumes suggestions and game ideas for the Heroes for Jesus Party. Finally, we have to includes autumn recipes to serve during or after the party. Enjoy!
Celebrate Our Christian Heroes is available at Amazon. The E-book is available at PayHIp or Currclick.
Happy Celebrating!
For His Glory,
Meredith Curtis
[1] Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, “Halloween”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Last updated 3-20-2015. Accessed October 2015. britannica.com/topic/Halloween
[2] Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Britannica on Halloween”. Encyclopedia Britannica 13th Edition; published 1926. Accessed October 2015. britannica.com/topic/Britannica-on-Halloween-1996335
[3] Ibid.
[4] Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, “Halloween”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Last updated 3-20-2015. Accessed October 2015. britannica.com/topic/Halloween
[5] Ibid.
[6] Ibid.
[7] History.com Staff, “History of Halloween”. History.Com Website. 2009. Accessed 2015. history.com/topics/halloween/history-of-halloween
[8] Ibid.
[9] Ibid.
[10] John Ankerberg, John Weldon, and Dillon Burroughs, “The Pagan Roots of Halloween”.(Excerpt from The Facts on Halloween by Harvest House Publishers. CBN website. Accessed October 2015. www1.cbn.com/the-pagan-roots-of-halloween
[11] History.com Staff, “History of Halloween”. History.Com Website. 2009. Accessed 2015. history.com/topics/halloween/history-of-halloween
[12] Ibid.
[13] Universal Orlando Halloween Horror Nights Home Page. Accessed October 2015. halloweenhorrornights.com/orlando/
[14] (“13 Spooky Places” Page. Halloween Online Magazine. Accessed October 2015. halloween-online.com/articles/spooky-places-cassadaga.html
[15] Morris, Barbara, “Seasons of the Witch Samhain”. 2014. Moonsmuses Website. Accessed October 2015. moonsmuses.com/samhaintraditions.html
[16] Missmerfaery444, “What do REAL Witches Do at Halloween? Samhain Ritual & Custom”. Updated November 7, 2013. Accessed October 2015. missmerfaery444.hubpages.com/hub/samhain-ritual-custom
[17] Snyder, Michael, “The Fastest Growing Religion in America Is Witchcraft”. The Truth website. October 30, 2013. Accessed October 2015. thetruthwins.com/archives/the-fastest-growing-religion-in-america-is-witchcraft
[18] Alter, Charlotte, “Hex and the City: We Summoned the Dead with Real Witches on Halloween and Lived to Tell the Tale”.Time Magazine Website. November 8, 2013. Accessed October 2015. newsfeed.time.com/2013/11/08/celebrating-halloween-with-real-witches/
Do you want to celebrate our Christian Heroes with a Heroes for Jesus Party? It's easy and fun!
Learn all about it in Celebrate Our Christian Heroes where you can discover how our family celebrates Christian heroes, why our family doesn't celebrate Halloween, and why children and teens need super-heroes. In addition, there are monologues for over 40 Christian heroes with costumes suggestions and game ideas for the Heroes for Jesus Party. Finally, we have to includes autumn recipes to serve during or after the party. Enjoy!
Celebrate Our Christian Heroes is available at Amazon. The E-book is available at PayHIp or Currclick.
Happy Celebrating!
For His Glory,
Meredith Curtis
[1] Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, “Halloween”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Last updated 3-20-2015. Accessed October 2015. britannica.com/topic/Halloween
[2] Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Britannica on Halloween”. Encyclopedia Britannica 13th Edition; published 1926. Accessed October 2015. britannica.com/topic/Britannica-on-Halloween-1996335
[3] Ibid.
[4] Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, “Halloween”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Last updated 3-20-2015. Accessed October 2015. britannica.com/topic/Halloween
[5] Ibid.
[6] Ibid.
[7] History.com Staff, “History of Halloween”. History.Com Website. 2009. Accessed 2015. history.com/topics/halloween/history-of-halloween
[8] Ibid.
[9] Ibid.
[10] John Ankerberg, John Weldon, and Dillon Burroughs, “The Pagan Roots of Halloween”.(Excerpt from The Facts on Halloween by Harvest House Publishers. CBN website. Accessed October 2015. www1.cbn.com/the-pagan-roots-of-halloween
[11] History.com Staff, “History of Halloween”. History.Com Website. 2009. Accessed 2015. history.com/topics/halloween/history-of-halloween
[12] Ibid.
[13] Universal Orlando Halloween Horror Nights Home Page. Accessed October 2015. halloweenhorrornights.com/orlando/
[14] (“13 Spooky Places” Page. Halloween Online Magazine. Accessed October 2015. halloween-online.com/articles/spooky-places-cassadaga.html
[15] Morris, Barbara, “Seasons of the Witch Samhain”. 2014. Moonsmuses Website. Accessed October 2015. moonsmuses.com/samhaintraditions.html
[16] Missmerfaery444, “What do REAL Witches Do at Halloween? Samhain Ritual & Custom”. Updated November 7, 2013. Accessed October 2015. missmerfaery444.hubpages.com/hub/samhain-ritual-custom
[17] Snyder, Michael, “The Fastest Growing Religion in America Is Witchcraft”. The Truth website. October 30, 2013. Accessed October 2015. thetruthwins.com/archives/the-fastest-growing-religion-in-america-is-witchcraft
[18] Alter, Charlotte, “Hex and the City: We Summoned the Dead with Real Witches on Halloween and Lived to Tell the Tale”.Time Magazine Website. November 8, 2013. Accessed October 2015. newsfeed.time.com/2013/11/08/celebrating-halloween-with-real-witches/
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